What is the primary purpose of a landing gear oleo or shock absorber?

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The main idea is that the oleo acts as both a spring and a damper for the landing gear. On touchdown, the weight of the airplane compresses the strut, and the gas charge provides a spring force while the hydraulic oil damps the motion. This combination absorbs the shock of the impact, reduces harsh bouncing, and helps keep the wheel in proper alignment with the airframe as the gear settles. After compression, the system rebounds gently to return the wheel to its normal position.

This isn’t primarily about steering the airplane; that function comes from the steering mechanism and gear geometry. It also isn’t mainly to prevent tire wear or to store hydraulic fluid—the oleo’s job is energy absorption and controlled motion during and after landing, with the damping fluid and gas working together to protect the airframe and provide a smooth touchdown.